Introduction
In classical theories of language, metaphor was seen as a matter of language not thought. Metaphorical expressions were assumed to be mutually exclusive with the realm of ordinary everyday language: everyday language had no metaphor, and metaphor used mechanisms outside the realm of everyday conventional language. The classical theory was taken so much for granted over the centuries that many people didn't realize that it was just a theory. The theory was not merely taken to be true, but came to be taken as definitional. The word metaphor was defined as a novel or poetic linguistic expression where one or more words for a concept are used outside of its normal conventional meaning to express a similar concept. But such issues are not matters for definitions; they are empirical questions.
In this work we learn about the role of the metaphor in political articles. The role of metaphor in political discourse has received significant attention in recent years. Expanding on the cognitive theory of metaphor developed by Lakoff and Johnson, scholars in the fields of sociolinguistics and discourse analysis have examined politicians» use of metaphorical concepts to justify policies and define events. The metaphors examined in these studies frequently have attained the status of idioms; they consequently pass unnoticed while retaining their ability to frame perspectives. However, political discourse does not limit itself to such lexicalized metaphors, but makes use of new metaphors (or new uses of existing metaphors) as well. Such uses are specifically designed to attract attention, which may become problematic if the metaphor is rejected, resulting in a classic «failure to launch».
3. The Categories of Metaphors
A metaphor is generally considered to be more forceful and active than an analogy (metaphor asserts two topics are the same whereas analogies acknowledge differences). Other rhetorical devices involving comparison, such as metonymy, synecdoche, simile, allegory and parable, share much in common with metaphor but are usually distinguished by the manner in which the comparison between subjects is delivered.
The category of metaphor can be further considered to contain the following specialized subsets:
1. allegory: An extended metaphor in which a story is told to illustrate an important attribute of the subject
2. catachresis: A mixed metaphor (sometimes used by design and sometimes a rhetorical fault)
3. parable: An extended metaphor told as an anecdote to illustrate or teach a moral lesson
A dead metaphor is one in which the sense of a transferred image is not present. Example: «to grasp a concept» or «to gather what you've understood» Both of these phrases use a physical action as a metaphor for understanding (itself a metaphor), do most visualize the physical action. Dead metaphors, by definition, normally go unnoticed. Some people make a distinction between a «dead metaphor» whose origin most speakers are entirely unaware about (such as «to break the ice»). Others, however, use dead metaphor for both of these concepts, and use it more generally as a way of describing metaphorical cliche.
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